An SSL certificate acts as a digital credential issued by a trusted CA, signaling that the website is legitimate and secure. It enables encrypted communication between your browser and the server, protecting sensitive data—such as passwords, personal information, and payment details—from interception and tampering.
Traditional SSL/TLS Communication
When you visit a website, your browser sends a request to the web server. The server processes this request and returns the appropriate response. While this interaction may seem straightforward, it is vulnerable to man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks if not properly secured. A malicious actor could intercept the data in transit and extract confidential information.
For example, if you log in to your online banking portal and someone intercepts that traffic, your credentials could be exposed, potentially leading to identity theft or financial loss.
SSL/TLS prevents this by encrypting the data. Even if an attacker intercepts the traffic, the encrypted content will appear as unintelligible gibberish unless they possess the correct decryption key.
SSL uses asymmetric encryption during the initial connection involving a public-private key pair:
- The server holds the private key.
- The client (browser) receives the public key, which it uses to encrypt data.
- Only the server can decrypt the data using its private key.
This process is known as the TLS handshake, which includes:
- Key agreement and exchange (establishing session keys for symmetric encryption)
- Data encryption (using session keys)
- Server authentication (verifying server identity and integrity of data)
The Future of Encryption: Preparing for Post-Quantum
While current SSL/TLS protocols are secure against classical computers, they are not designed to withstand attacks from quantum computers. A sufficiently powerful quantum computer could break traditional encryption algorithms, especially those used in the key exchange during the TLS handshake.
This has led to a growing concern over harvest now, decrypt later (HNDL) attacks, in which adversaries record encrypted traffic today with the intention of decrypting it in the future once quantum capabilities are available, leaving current data vulnerable to encroaching technology.
To defend against this threat, the industry is transitioning toward post-quantum cryptography (PQC). In future versions of TLS, the handshake process will replace traditional key exchange algorithms like RSA with key encapsulation mechanisms (KEMs). KEMs are cryptographic primitives designed to be quantum-resistant as part of the new standards in development by organizations such as NIST and the IETF.
Migrating to PQC-compatible certificates and infrastructure is critical for long-term data confidentiality. As quantum-safe algorithms are finalized and integrated into protocols like TLS 1.3 and beyond, organizations must be proactive in updating their systems to include PQC alongside classical algorithms in a hybrid model—offering both immediate protection and future resilience.